In Rome the kids were taught by their parents or slaves who had been educated, to read and write. The boys were taught about agriculture, warfare, Roman traditions and Public affairs. The boy went with their father to political and religious functions. The boys would be a political figure at the age of 16. At the age of 7 both boys and girls could get to a private school if their parents could afford it. The private school would be called a ludus. The teacher was almost always Greek and taught them all the basic stuff until the age of 11.
Poor people in ate vegetables, fish, salt and olive oil. Meat was rarely eaten in Rome, people complained when they ate meat. Breakfast was not normally eaten and leftovers were eaten for lunch. Their dinner was the biggest meal. The rich ate dinner before 4 in the afternoon. They washed their hands before they ate.
Cassandra
Education In the early days of the Republic there were no public schools. Sometimes because of this boys were taught by their parents or educated slaves. The slaves were called ‘pedagogy’ and were of Greek origin where they could be taught privately. This sort of education is an example between the ancient Rome schooling and the type of home schooling that we have in the modern world today, when kids get educated at home. We also have many public schools today were kids get taught education. The main things that boys were taught were agriculture, warfare, Roman traditions and public affairs. The boys learned about civic life by coming with their fathers to religious and political get-together's and functions. Education was very important in Ancient Rome, just like it is today in the modern world. Many people believed back then that if you didn’t have a good education you couldn’t get a good job. This is definitely what many people still believe thousands of years later in our society.
Class structure The Roman government (in its entire history from founding to fall) was a strange mix of a democracy and a republic. An interesting fact is that the people of Rome took many of their ideas of government from the Ancient Greeks.
The Roman state was described as the republic (respublica) and its consuls, or chief magistrates, continued to be appointed even after the establishment of one-man rule under the empire, but in its pure form it lasted only until the beginning of the first century B.C. At the creation of the republic, supreme power probably resided with a popular assembly, but early on the Senate became very influential, and the traditional formula, which survived for centuries, was S.P.Q.R. - Senates Populusque Romans - the Roman Senate and People acting together.
Army The Roman Legion, the ultimate military machine of the ancient world, was the catalyst that spread Roman conquest and civilization throughout the known world. The core of the Roman legion consisted of heavily armored infantry.
Disciplined and well trained Legionaries fought in closed ranks against many warrior based armies, where each man fought for personal glory.
With superior tactics and organization, designed specifically for technology such as the Gladius, the Legion was an unstoppable force for nearly a millennium. It was among the first paid full time professional army in the world. In this chapter we will explore the Roman army, the impact, strategies and equipment, from the Republic through the fall of the Empire. Details, including foundation, placement and important campaigns, of the individual Roman Legions, important battles on ground and sea, and more will all be explored.
The Roman economy, from its founding and establishment as a Republic, through to the fifth and fourth centuries BC was a system of barter and community trade. All manner of trade goods, farm products, livestock and services were used as a means of exchange. As Rome grew, and the need for a system other than barter with it, lumps of bronze and other base metals began to be used in lieu of the exchange of one good for another. These lumps, called As Rude (raw bronze), could be used not only as coinage but also in large enough quantities, they could be melted down for the manufacturing of various metal tools and objects. As time passed and the circulation of As Rude became more common, the Romans, and their neighbours, began to rely on this simple system of economic transfer. The first true Roman coin, the As Sigmate (signed bronze), replaced the As Rude sometime around the start of the 3rd century BC. These were more than lumps of metal, in that they were cast, had a regular and discernable rectangular shape and were stamped with raised designs these were the first coins
A full strength legion was officially made up of 6,000 men, but typically all legions were organized at under strength and generally consisted of approximately 5,300 fighting men including officers. It is difficult to determine whether non-combatants like field surgeons and clerks were included in the 5,300 or helped bring the total number of men up to the official 6,000.
Different ranks Principals: The Principals would be the equivalent of modern day non-commissioned officers and had the following rank structures from highest to lowest. Aquiline: A single position within the Legion. The Aquiline was the Legion's Standard or Eagle bearer and was an enormously important and prestigious position. The next step up would be a post as a Centurion. Signifier: Each Centurial had a Signifier (59). He was responsible for the men's pay and savings, and the standard bearer for the Centurial Signup, a spear shaft decorated with medallions and often topped with an open hand to signify the oath of loyalty taken by the soldiers. It was this banner that the men from each individual Centurial would rally around. A soldier could also gain the position of Descents signiferorum, or standard bearer in training. Optio:One for each Centurion (59), they were appointed by the Centurion from within the ranks to act as his second in command. Tesserarius: (Guard Commander) Again there were 59 of these, or one for each Centuria. They acted in similar roles to the Options. Cornice: (Horn blower) They worked hand in hand with the Signifier drawing the attention of the men to the Centurial Signup and issuing the audible commands of the officers. Magnifier: Carried the Standard bearing the image of the Emperor as a constant reminder of the troop's loyalty to him. The Rank and File of the Roman Legion Immunes: These were trained specialists, such as surgeons, engineers, surveyors, and architects, as well as craftsmen. They were exempt from camp and hard labour duties due to the nature of their work, and would generally earn slightly more pay than the Militias. Discerns: Militias in training for an immunes position. Unisex (or Miles Gregarious): The basic private level foot soldier. Thrones: The basic new recruit. A Thrones could take up to 6 months before becoming a full Militias.
Roman families The roman families where simple. They had a simple living by the head of the house (usually the father), the mother and the son and daughter. They also had some slaves and servants that were also part of the family but lived in the lower class. The father/ husband could marry for money then divorce, then they would sell them for slavery then use the money to claim land and he also has the right the punish or kill his family members. But after the 1st century the idea of that ceased to exercise. When the son was grown up he was next for his father’s land but could not truly hold the property until his father was dead. Roman Education In the roman times there were no public schools so the boys were taught by their parents or by their slaves. When the sons were getting taught they would mainly get taught agriculture, warfare roman traditions and public affairs. Young boy would learn civic life by being with there fathers to religious and political functions. The sons of nobles were told to help a prominent political figure at the age of sixteen.
ROME Family- Ancient Rome families normally consisted of the head which in most cases was the father, a wife and children. In the upper class of citizens slaves and servants were also part if the Ancient Roman house. The head of the house had power over all others who lived in the house. He had right to marry or divorce, put his children into slavery and even kill his family members. The children of Rome were not taken care of. Unwanted children would be sold as slaves; children were allowed to sit at the table but weren’t allowed to enter into any conversation. Military- The Roman army was like most of the ancient armies, they were influenced by the Greek military. They practised a hoplite formation with 9 000 men until the 3rd century when they opted to change their system. The new system was consisted of small groups of 120 men which could manoeuvre more independently on the battle field. With the new formation and organisation the army became more aggressive. Jack
GAMES + ACTIVITIES A lot of the games and activities that the Ancient Romans did are very similar to some things that we do today. They used to play ball games like us, and there was one ball game that they played that was very similar to handball. They also played board games, dice games and the majority of them are well known games that we play, such as: Chess Checkers Tic Tac Toe Backgammon
FOOD + DRINK The Ancient Romans used to make a lot of the same foods as we do. The made their grains and wheat into bread, porridge and cereal. They also cooked their meat a lot of the same ways, and made the meat into sausages.
TIME + DATES The Ancient Romans also had all of the same 12 months as us. They had the same time system as us and they invented AM and PM. AM mean ante meridiem, and PM means post meridiem. They both mean before midday, and after midday.
Mollie Cooper
Ancient Rome, Clothing
Roman Men: Roman men use to wear two garments , tunica and the toga. A tunica is a short woollen under garment with quiet short sleeves. And then the toga was a public display garment. Ancient Rome, everyone wore the same, it didn’t matter if you were rich or poor.
Compare Men in 2010- These days men just wear shirt, and jeans or shorts. But the point coming is that these days it does depend on how much money you have.
Ancient Rome ,Education
Children of wealthy families went to school at the age of 7 when children from poor families, learnt everything at home. Boys stayed at school longer than girls and learnt many different things.
Compare Children in 2010- These days most children went to school 5-6 years old, it didn’t depend on if your rich or poor.
Class Structure
Ancient Rome
There were main classes in Ancient Rome, the Patricians and the Plebeians. Patricians:The patricians were the upper class, the nobility and wealthy land owners. Plebeians: The plebeians were the lower class. Nicknamed "plebs", the plebeians included everyone in ancient Rome (except for the nobility, the patricians) from well-to-do tradesmen all the way down to the very poor.
Things that were the same in both classes Pater Familias:The family was structured in the same way in both classes. The head of the family was the oldest male. That could be the father, the grandfather, or perhaps even an uncle. Everybody in one family lived under one roof. Women had no authority except in the home. Old age was honoured. Atrium:Life in the home of wealthy tradesmen and patricians centred around the atrium, the central courtyard. Slaves: If they could afford it, both classes had slaves to do the work. Citizenship: The citizens of Rome were adult freemen from both classes. Women, children, and slaves were not citizens. People from all classes considered themselves Romans. Religion:Both classes worshiped the same gods and attended religious festivals. Language: Both classes spoke the same language, Latin. Forum: Both classes enjoyed the activities in the Forum, including the many free activities such as jugglers.
Things that were different Social Life: A wealthy plebeian family and a wealthy patrician family did not meet socially. Under the kings, it was illegal for a pleb and a patrician to marry. In 445 BCE, about 60 years after the Roman Republic was formed, a new law was written that said it was no longer illegal for plebs and patricians to marry. Apartment Houses:Many plebeians lived in apartment houses called flats. Some the apartments were above or behind their shops. Even fairly well to do tradesmen might chose to live in an apartment-building compound over their store, with perhaps renters on the upper stories. Their own apartments might be quite roomy, sanitary and pleasant, occasionally with running water. But others were not that nice. The Poor, Unsanitary Living Conditions :In the poorer apartment houses, an entire plebeian family (grandparents, parents, children) might all be crowded into one room, without running water. They had to haul their water in from public facilities. Fire was a very real threat because people were cooking meals in crowded quarters, and many of the flats were made of wood. They did not have toilets. They had to use public latrines (toilets). The lower class Romans (plebeians) might have a breakfast of bread, dry or dipped in wine, and water. Sometimes olives, cheese, or raisins were sprinkled on the bread. Rich and Poor Life Style:The rich had beautiful mosaics on the floors of their home. They wore lots of jewellery made of gold and gemstones. They had beautiful clothing. They enjoyed a great deal of leisure time. The poor wore shabby clothing. Their jewellery was made of painted clay. They worked all the time.
Australia
Australian Citizens : The citizens in Australia are allowed to vote regardless if they are men or women. Immigrants: Immigrants can't vote or work legally until they become an Australian Citizen.
ECONOMY
The Ancient Romans have had some influences on the economy. They also created the coinage system where bronze and brass coins are used to pay for things. One of these influences is the idea of having the head of an emperor or important person on one side of a coin.
MILITARY The Ancient Roman’s created the Naval Military, when boats are sent out to get rid of something, this was especially important for the roman’s as it was one of the only ways to get to Rome. They also changed the way that battles can be fought by changing the battle formation where instead of going out as one large group they went out as small groups this is also used now.
Education .
Primary (first stage) The primary school was for the children aged seven to twelve. Students would be accompanied by 2 slaves: one to escort him and another to carry his books and possessions. The students would write on a tabula (a tablet made out of bees wax) with a Stylus. The stylus was pointy on one side and chisel shaped on the other, the chisel was used to scratch away any mistakes. If the students were disobedient they would suffer punishments such as a hit across the knuckles with a rod for being disobedient or disrespectful, being hit with a birch branch for not knowing the answer to a question, being whipped with a leather strap for making a serious mistake, and being whipped with a strap with knots in it continuously for not knowing the answers to multiple questions.
Secondary (second stage) Boys aged 12–15 studied language and literature either at home with a personal tutor, a gifted slave, or (only boys would go away from home) in public with a Grammaticus. Under the Empire, a primary position was given to Virgil's Aeneid. Girls were taught at home by the same personal tutor who taught their brothers. The works that were studied allowed students to practice their reading and to develop their ability to comment on grammar, figures of speech, and the writer's use of mythology. The schools cost a lot of money, and not every parent sent their child to school. Ancient Rome had big influences on the modern day society. There religion played a big part also. The religion in ancient Rome was very open except if you were Christian you would be punished ,like today in many countries if you were a different religion you could be punished. The ancient Romans and temples were they could pray like today how we can go to church and pray to god etc. Also The music in ancient Rome is very similar today. They have marching bands to give commands and they used slow instruments for ceremonies. Also they use instruments in the church services like we do today.
Family - Ryan The average Roman family consisted of father, mother, children, married sons, their family, and slaves. There was a rule that you had to obey to and the rule was you had to get married before the age of 16 and you didn't even get to choose the leader of your house (usually father) choose who you will marry. Women were under control by the Men but they controlled house the house was run.
Language - The ancient Rome spoke the Latin and their alphabet looks like this:
The letters K, Y and Z weren't used very often. The letter J was the same as I, and U the same as V. The roman's didn't write out the numbers they used letters to represent a certain amount of numbers and there was only 7 different letters. These are the letters representing numbers
I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000 Some letters were placed before or after another letter to raise on decrease the value eg: IV = 4 MXI = 1011 CLIV= 154
Education - Emily Education was very important in Ancient Rome. The rich children would get taught by a private tutor or would go to school. The kids would write on a wooden tablet and use a stylus to write with. Girls would have an education, but would get taught at school. Music was part of their education.
Games and Activities In Ancient Rome, they would play knucklebones which is like today's game, Jacks. They would also play ball games and would use both small and large balls. They would use the large and heavy balls for fitness. The Romans wouldn't do fitness for the Gods, but so that they were tough. By Ryan Military - Nik
The roman army was the most advanced and best trained army in the world at its time. The roman legion was the most organised fighting force. They knew many formations such as the testudo which is when all of the men in the legion put their shields on top of each other and make a tortoise formation. This is well protected from archers and any other thrown or shot spears or missiles. The roman army was organised in groups in each legion there were 10 cohorts which were around 6,000 men. In each cohort were 6 centuries which were 80 men including a centurion who was their commander. In each legion there was 10 units conturbenium. Who were 8 conturbenium were 8 men who shared a tent and ate together these men were like brothers. The legion was also backed up by around 400 horses that were ridden by soldiers. The legion was usually backed up with archers. In the later stages of the Roman Empire they hired Auxiliaries to back up the legion. Auxiliaries are hired barbarians and mercenaries and conquered people and tribesman who fought for the empire for money. But the Auxiliaries were usually always killed as they were always sent in first, so the legion did not lose as many men. The army now has learnt very much from the ancient Romans. They have learnt how to organise their armies into groups like battalions and platoons. Like the Romans organised their legions and Cohorts. The armies have also been taught formations from the roman army and created their own from the Roman army’s ideas.
Religion - - Nik The ancient Romans believed in many gods all of the gods were a family and were related to each other. Each god was a god for something like whine, the crops or the sky. The Ancient roman gods and the ancient Greek gods are exactly the same the only difference is that they have different names. Such as Poseidon who is the Greek god of the ocean and water. And Neptune who Is the ancient Roman god of the sea. In ancient Rome you were allowed to follow any religion that you wanted most of the time. But under the rule of some mad and different Emperors such as Nero the Romans killed Christians and pagans. But mostly the Romans could follow any religion that they wanted to. But most Roman citizens prefer the ancient roman gods like Juno, Neptune, Mars, Saturn, Pluto and Apollo. The Ancient Romans used to dedicate Temples to their gods. And each god had a feast day which was a massive once a year celebration about the god. The Ancient Roman army also used to make sacrifices to their gods, the ancient roman army used to make sacrifices to mars the god of war, so that they win the battle. The similarities are that the Ancient Romans and modern day humans Worship Gods and God. And many other different religions just as the ancient Romans did. The ancient Romans also built temples just like we build churches.
Education – Maddie Jones Ancient Rome had two different types of schools, like we do today. The first school was for children up until the age of 11 or 12. Today this school is like primary school. These schools taught the children basic skills like reading, writing and simple mathematics. Mathematics was done by using an abacus. As they didn't have paper books in the ancient times, the Roman's used waxed tablets and were written on with a stylus instead. When the children reached time to go to the more advanced school; like Secondary School for us. The students learnt more subjects like public speaking or study intellects of Ancient Rome like Cicero. The main difference between Ancient Roman civilisation and our civilisation today is that girls were unlikely to attend these advanced schools. This is because girls were allowed to get married at the age of 12. Boys could get married at the age of 14. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/roman_education.htm
Law – Emma Ferguson The ancient Romans were very strict on rules and had a strong belief of entrusting the law. Most people of today's society still believe this. The Romans had different magistracies that are known as magistrates. Some of the magistracies of the ancient roman times were Quaestor which was a financial officer, the minimal age was 31. Another job the Romans had was an Aedile which is the equivalent of a city manager. This job includes overseeing food supplies, streets, public buildings and festivities. The praetor acted as a judge in legal arguments, as we do now. The minimal age for this job was 40 years. This is only one example of how we have learnt from the ancient Roman civilisation. http://library.thinkquest.org/26602/empire.htm Architecture, Water – Brooke Searle Ancient Rome has influenced today's day and age with their style of architecture. For example the White House uses ancient Rome's style columns, arches and carvings. Also today's names of the week originate from Ancient Rome as well as a few names of planets. In the construction side Rome invented a very important building tool used regularly in modern day society known as concrete. In Ancient Rome in every city they had a city square just like today. Water was transported in a similar ways to Rome because they used aquaducts and we use pipes our idea is just a more developed version of theirs. Laws were enforced in ancient Rome just as today and punishment were also enforced when people broke the rules.
Government & Education – Jemma Strbac Low Government: Ancient Rome was a republic and seeming that they didn’t want to have one person make all the laws, instead they had three branches. There was the executive branch, legislative branch and the judicial branch. Australia isn’t a republic but it does have a federal government, state government and local councils.
Education: Ancient Rome has some of the same similarities has our modern society. Back then education was very important to the Ancient Romans. Today's education is just as important and as necessary because education is something that we all need and use for the rest of our lives. There were two types of schools back then in Ancient Rome. There was school for children that were younger of the ages up to 11 and 12. Then there was school for the older children would go to more advanced school. In society now we have two types of schools as well Primary school and Secondary school.
Emperor Augustus made the roman military the strongest of all its points. Russia now has a very strong military power. The Roman empire ruled for almost 1500 years. During the civil war the Roman empire began. The Emperors were picked by the emperor and when he died the new emperor reigns. It is a bit like today when the people get to vote to pick who is going to be Prime Minister. Here are the ranks for the Roman Military and the names for them:
Recruit: Tiro Lower Ranks: Miles (Private) Discens (Trainee) Immunise (Immune from fatigue) Non Commission Sesquiplicarius (NCO on basic pay and a half) Junior NCO. Duplicarius (NCO on double basic pay). Senior NCO, Triplicarius (NCO on triple basic pay). Salararius or salaratus. Duplicarii and Sesquiplicarii Subaltern Officers Centurio: Commander of 100. Centurio had special activities he can do legionary cavalry, military intelligence and more. Cohorts Legio: Consists of 10 cohorts. There are 10 different types of cohorts
Ancient Rome Family Families in Ancient Rome were dictated by the eldest male member of the family. The male had complete authority over the others. If they disobeyed him they were allowed to punish them like selling them into slavery or kicking them out. Once you were kicked out you could try to get back into the household or stay with a friend. You’d be very lucky if you got either one of them. The woman of the family would use their time taking care of the children, cooking and going out to be groomed. They children of the household had no rights and were taught from a young age to obey their elders. If you disagreed and argued you could be kicked out. The people of Rome respected there older citizens greatly. Once they were too old to do activities and work the rest of the household members would make them comfortable and happy before they would be honoured in the Parentalia festival of the dead. Household slaves, if they were lucky, were treated very well but mostly they were abused and starved. They would clean the master’s house, cook for them, contained there garden, sewed up clothes, kept money accounts and kept incense burning through the house. Similarities of ancient Rome to today Hundreds of years on the basic idea of slaves is still with us. We hire them for money but different types of maids do different things like they clean the house, can cook for us, can contain gardens, and can sew clothes and look after the children. The differences is that you cannot abuse them now, they are paid, some only work part time and most do not have their own quarters and don’t live with you. There is also the idea of stay-at-home wives/husbands. Were one of the spouses stays at home while the other one goes out and works, provides for the family. Ancient Roman education . . . .
They never use to have schools in Rome. They adults in the community would pass on knowledge to the children in the community until the Greeks created schooling. The Romans were inspired to do the same. Ancient Rome: Children in ancient Rome would probably get most of their education from their parents. Their parent s would teach them the basics for survival in the early republic. The first schools in Rome arose by the middle of the fourth century BC. These schools were called ludi, the name coming from the Latin word for "play," and like modern play schools were concerned with the basic socialization and living skills of young Roman children.
Modern day Australian education: All children are expected to go to school. The majority of our learning comes from our teachers, although we also learn from our selves, family and friends, just like they did in Ancient Rome. At school we are taught social skills, discipline, maths, English and the arts. In ancient they were taught these same things. If we want to be able to help the community we have to do well in school. The same thing happened in Ancient Rome. The Roman Government The Romans were a very powerful civilisation who influenced a lot of ideas we have today. The Romans had a Republic government which has two consults who agreed on different things like how much taxes to collect and if they wanted to start a war. Our government isn’t a republic but it has similarities like only one consult that raises/lowers taxes and decides whether to send the army to war or not. The The Roman Military Roman Military was very powerful and disciplined. Like today a soldier could be discharged for a number of reasons. One, if he was badly disciplined. Two, if he had poor health and three, if he satisfactorily completed his service. Roman Education Education was fairly similar but had key differences like: girls didn’t go to school instead they stayed home and their mothers taught them how to run the house. Both rich and poor boys went to school. Once they completed school rich boys went to secondary school but poor boys couldn’t. After that rich boys could go to another school called an or at or school. Rich boys could the apply for Politics
Poor people in ate vegetables, fish, salt and olive oil. Meat was rarely eaten in Rome, people complained when they ate meat. Breakfast was not normally eaten and leftovers were eaten for lunch. Their dinner was the biggest meal. The rich ate dinner before 4 in the afternoon. They washed their hands before they ate.
Cassandra
Education
In the early days of the Republic there were no public schools. Sometimes because of this boys were taught by their parents or educated slaves. The slaves were called ‘pedagogy’ and were of Greek origin where they could be taught privately.
This sort of education is an example between the ancient Rome schooling and the type of home schooling that we have in the modern world today, when kids get educated at home. We also have many public schools today were kids get taught education.
The main things that boys were taught were agriculture, warfare, Roman traditions and public affairs. The boys learned about civic life by coming with their fathers to religious and political get-together's and functions.
Education was very important in Ancient Rome, just like it is today in the modern world. Many people believed back then that if you didn’t have a good education you couldn’t get a good job. This is definitely what many people still believe thousands of years later in our society.
Class structure
The Roman government (in its entire history from founding to fall) was a strange mix of a democracy and a republic. An interesting fact is that the people of Rome took many of their ideas of government from the Ancient Greeks.
The Roman state was described as the republic (respublica) and its consuls, or chief magistrates, continued to be appointed even after the establishment of one-man rule under the empire, but in its pure form it lasted only until the beginning of the first century B.C.
At the creation of the republic, supreme power probably resided with a popular assembly, but early on the Senate became very influential, and the traditional formula, which survived for centuries, was S.P.Q.R. - Senates Populusque Romans - the Roman Senate and People acting together.
Army
The Roman Legion, the ultimate military machine of the ancient world, was the catalyst that spread Roman conquest and civilization throughout the known world. The core of the Roman legion consisted of heavily armored infantry.
Disciplined and well trained Legionaries fought in closed ranks against many warrior based armies, where each man fought for personal glory.
With superior tactics and organization, designed specifically for technology such as the Gladius, the Legion was an unstoppable force for nearly a millennium.
It was among the first paid full time professional army in the world. In this chapter we will explore the Roman army, the impact, strategies and equipment, from the Republic through the fall of the Empire. Details, including foundation, placement and important campaigns, of the individual Roman Legions, important battles on ground and sea, and more will all be explored.
The Roman economy, from its founding and establishment as a Republic, through to the fifth and fourth centuries BC was a system of barter and community trade. All manner of trade goods, farm products, livestock and services were used as a means of exchange. As Rome grew, and the need for a system other than barter with it, lumps of bronze and other base metals began to be used in lieu of the exchange of one good for another. These lumps, called As Rude (raw bronze), could be used not only as coinage but also in large enough quantities, they could be melted down for the manufacturing of various metal tools and objects.
As time passed and the circulation of As Rude became more common, the Romans, and their neighbours, began to rely on this simple system of economic transfer. The first true Roman coin, the As Sigmate (signed bronze), replaced the As Rude sometime around the start of the 3rd century BC. These were more than lumps of metal, in that they were cast, had a regular and discernable rectangular shape and were stamped with raised designs these were the first coins
A full strength legion was officially made up of 6,000 men, but typically all legions were organized at under strength and generally consisted of approximately 5,300 fighting men including officers. It is difficult to determine whether non-combatants like field surgeons and clerks were included in the 5,300 or helped bring the total number of men up to the official 6,000.
Different ranks
Principals: The Principals would be the equivalent of modern day non-commissioned officers and had the following rank structures from highest to lowest.
Aquiline: A single position within the Legion. The Aquiline was the Legion's Standard or Eagle bearer and was an enormously important and prestigious position. The next step up would be a post as a Centurion.
Signifier: Each Centurial had a Signifier (59). He was responsible for the men's pay and savings, and the standard bearer for the Centurial Signup, a spear shaft decorated with medallions and often topped with an open hand to signify the oath of loyalty taken by the soldiers. It was this banner that the men from each individual Centurial would rally around. A soldier could also gain the position of Descents signiferorum, or standard bearer in training.
Optio:One for each Centurion (59), they were appointed by the Centurion from within the ranks to act as his second in command.
Tesserarius: (Guard Commander) Again there were 59 of these, or one for each Centuria. They acted in similar roles to the Options.
Cornice: (Horn blower) They worked hand in hand with the Signifier drawing the attention of the men to the Centurial Signup and issuing the audible commands of the officers.
Magnifier: Carried the Standard bearing the image of the Emperor as a constant reminder of the troop's loyalty to him.
The Rank and File of the Roman Legion
Immunes: These were trained specialists, such as surgeons, engineers, surveyors, and architects, as well as craftsmen. They were exempt from camp and hard labour duties due to the nature of their work, and would generally earn slightly more pay than the Militias.
Discerns: Militias in training for an immunes position.
Unisex (or Miles Gregarious): The basic private level foot soldier.
Thrones: The basic new recruit. A Thrones could take up to 6 months before becoming a full Militias.
Roman families
The roman families where simple. They had a simple living by the head of the house (usually the father), the mother and the son and daughter. They also had some slaves and servants that were also part of the family but lived in the lower class. The father/ husband could marry for money then divorce, then they would sell them for slavery then use the money to claim land and he also has the right the punish or kill his family members. But after the 1st century the idea of that ceased to exercise. When the son was grown up he was next for his father’s land but could not truly hold the property until his father was dead.
Roman Education
In the roman times there were no public schools so the boys were taught by their parents or by their slaves. When the sons were getting taught they would mainly get taught agriculture, warfare roman traditions and public affairs. Young boy would learn civic life by being with there fathers to religious and political functions. The sons of nobles were told to help a prominent political figure at the age of sixteen.
ROME
Family- Ancient Rome families normally consisted of the head which in most cases was the father, a wife and children. In the upper class of citizens slaves and servants were also part if the Ancient Roman house. The head of the house had power over all others who lived in the house. He had right to marry or divorce, put his children into slavery and even kill his family members. The children of Rome were not taken care of. Unwanted children would be sold as slaves; children were allowed to sit at the table but weren’t allowed to enter into any conversation.
Military- The Roman army was like most of the ancient armies, they were influenced by the Greek military. They practised a hoplite formation with 9 000 men until the 3rd century when they opted to change their system. The new system was consisted of small groups of 120 men which could manoeuvre more independently on the battle field. With the new formation and organisation the army became more aggressive.
Jack
GAMES + ACTIVITIES
A lot of the games and activities that the Ancient Romans did are very similar to some things that we do today. They used to play ball games like us, and there was one ball game that they played that was very similar to handball. They also played board games, dice games and the majority of them are well known games that we play, such as:
Chess
Checkers
Tic Tac Toe
Backgammon
FOOD + DRINK
The Ancient Romans used to make a lot of the same foods as we do. The made their grains and wheat into bread, porridge and cereal. They also cooked their meat a lot of the same ways, and made the meat into sausages.
TIME + DATES
The Ancient Romans also had all of the same 12 months as us. They had the same time system as us and they invented AM and PM. AM mean ante meridiem, and PM means post meridiem. They both mean before midday, and after midday.
Mollie Cooper
Ancient Rome, Clothing
Roman Men: Roman men use to wear two garments , tunica and the toga. A tunica is a short woollen under garment with quiet short sleeves. And then the toga was a public display garment. Ancient Rome, everyone wore the same, it didn’t matter if you were rich or poor.
Compare Men in 2010- These days men just wear shirt, and jeans or shorts. But the point coming is that these days it does depend on how much money you have.
Ancient Rome ,Education
Children of wealthy families went to school at the age of 7 when children from poor families, learnt everything at home. Boys stayed at school longer than girls and learnt many different things.
Compare Children in 2010- These days most children went to school 5-6 years old, it didn’t depend on if your rich or poor.
Class Structure
Ancient Rome
There were main classes in Ancient Rome, the Patricians and the Plebeians.
Patricians: The patricians were the upper class, the nobility and wealthy land owners.
Plebeians: The plebeians were the lower class. Nicknamed "plebs", the plebeians included everyone in ancient Rome (except for the nobility, the patricians) from well-to-do tradesmen all the way down to the very poor.
Things that were the same in both classes
Pater Familias: The family was structured in the same way in both classes. The head of the family was the oldest male. That could be the father, the grandfather, or perhaps even an uncle. Everybody in one family lived under one roof. Women had no authority except in the home. Old age was honoured.
Atrium: Life in the home of wealthy tradesmen and patricians centred around the atrium, the central courtyard.
Slaves: If they could afford it, both classes had slaves to do the work.
Citizenship: The citizens of Rome were adult freemen from both classes. Women, children, and slaves were not citizens. People from all classes considered themselves Romans.
Religion: Both classes worshiped the same gods and attended religious festivals.
Language: Both classes spoke the same language, Latin.
Forum: Both classes enjoyed the activities in the Forum, including the many free activities such as jugglers.
Things that were different
Social Life: A wealthy plebeian family and a wealthy patrician family did not meet socially. Under the kings, it was illegal for a pleb and a patrician to marry. In 445 BCE, about 60 years after the Roman Republic was formed, a new law was written that said it was no longer illegal for plebs and patricians to marry.
Apartment Houses: Many plebeians lived in apartment houses called flats. Some the apartments were above or behind their shops. Even fairly well to do tradesmen might chose to live in an apartment-building compound over their store, with perhaps renters on the upper stories. Their own apartments might be quite roomy, sanitary and pleasant, occasionally with running water. But others were not that nice.
The Poor, Unsanitary Living Conditions :In the poorer apartment houses, an entire plebeian family (grandparents, parents, children) might all be crowded into one room, without running water. They had to haul their water in from public facilities. Fire was a very real threat because people were cooking meals in crowded quarters, and many of the flats were made of wood. They did not have toilets. They had to use public latrines (toilets). The lower class Romans (plebeians) might have a breakfast of bread, dry or dipped in wine, and water. Sometimes olives, cheese, or raisins were sprinkled on the bread.
Rich and Poor Life Style: The rich had beautiful mosaics on the floors of their home. They wore lots of jewellery made of gold and gemstones. They had beautiful clothing. They enjoyed a great deal of leisure time. The poor wore shabby clothing. Their jewellery was made of painted clay. They worked all the time.
Australia
Australian Citizens : The citizens in Australia are allowed to vote regardless if they are men or women.
Immigrants: Immigrants can't vote or work legally until they become an Australian Citizen.
ECONOMY
The Ancient Romans have had some influences on the economy. They also created the coinage system where bronze and brass coins are used to pay for things. One of these influences is the idea of having the head of an emperor or important person on one side of a coin.
MILITARY
The Ancient Roman’s created the Naval Military, when boats are sent out to get rid of something, this was especially important for the roman’s as it was one of the only ways to get to Rome. They also changed the way that battles can be fought by changing the battle formation where instead of going out as one large group they went out as small groups this is also used now.
Education .
Primary (first stage)
The primary school was for the children aged seven to twelve. Students would be accompanied by 2 slaves: one to escort him and another to carry his books and possessions.
The students would write on a tabula (a tablet made out of bees wax) with a Stylus. The stylus was pointy on one side and chisel shaped on the other, the chisel was used to scratch away any mistakes. If the students were disobedient they would suffer punishments such as a hit across the knuckles with a rod for being disobedient or disrespectful, being hit with a birch branch for not knowing the answer to a question, being whipped with a leather strap for making a serious mistake, and being whipped with a strap with knots in it continuously for not knowing the answers to multiple questions.
Secondary (second stage)
Boys aged 12–15 studied language and literature either at home with a personal tutor, a gifted slave, or (only boys would go away from home) in public with a Grammaticus. Under the Empire, a primary position was given to Virgil's Aeneid. Girls were taught at home by the same personal tutor who taught their brothers. The works that were studied allowed students to practice their reading and to develop their ability to comment on grammar, figures of speech, and the writer's use of mythology. The schools cost a lot of money, and not every parent sent their child to school.
Ancient Rome had big influences on the modern day society. There religion played a big part also. The religion in ancient Rome was very open except if you were Christian you would be punished ,like today in many countries if you were a different religion you could be punished. The ancient Romans and temples were they could pray like today how we can go to church and pray to god etc. Also The music in ancient Rome is very similar today. They have marching bands to give commands and they used slow instruments for ceremonies. Also they use instruments in the church services like we do today.
Family - Ryan
The average Roman family consisted of father, mother, children, married sons, their family, and slaves. There was a rule that you had to obey to and the rule was you had to get married before the age of 16 and you didn't even get to choose the leader of your house (usually father) choose who you will marry. Women were under control by the Men but they controlled house the house was run.
Language -
The ancient Rome spoke the Latin and their alphabet looks like this:
The letters K, Y and Z weren't used very often. The letter J was the same as I, and U the same as V.
The roman's didn't write out the numbers they used letters to represent a certain amount of numbers and there was only 7 different letters. These are the letters representing numbers
I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000
Some letters were placed before or after another letter to raise on decrease the value eg:
IV = 4 MXI = 1011 CLIV= 154
Education - Emily
Education was very important in Ancient Rome. The rich children would get taught by a private tutor or would go to school. The kids would write on a wooden tablet and use a stylus to write with. Girls would have an education, but would get taught at school. Music was part of their education.
Games and Activities
In Ancient Rome, they would play knucklebones which is like today's game, Jacks. They would also play ball games and would use both small and large balls. They would use the large and heavy balls for fitness. The Romans wouldn't do fitness for the Gods, but so that they were tough.
By Ryan
Military - Nik
The roman army was the most advanced and best trained army in the world at its time. The roman legion was the most organised fighting force. They knew many formations such as the testudo which is when all of the men in the legion put their shields on top of each other and make a tortoise formation. This is well protected from archers and any other thrown or shot spears or missiles. The roman army was organised in groups in each legion there were 10 cohorts which were around 6,000 men. In each cohort were 6 centuries which were 80 men including a centurion who was their commander. In each legion there was 10 units conturbenium. Who were 8 conturbenium were 8 men who shared a tent and ate together these men were like brothers. The legion was also backed up by around 400 horses that were ridden by soldiers. The legion was usually backed up with archers. In the later stages of the Roman Empire they hired Auxiliaries to back up the legion. Auxiliaries are hired barbarians and mercenaries and conquered people and tribesman who fought for the empire for money. But the Auxiliaries were usually always killed as they were always sent in first, so the legion did not lose as many men. The army now has learnt very much from the ancient Romans. They have learnt how to organise their armies into groups like battalions and platoons. Like the Romans organised their legions and Cohorts. The armies have also been taught formations from the roman army and created their own from the Roman army’s ideas.
Religion - - Nik
The ancient Romans believed in many gods all of the gods were a family and were related to each other. Each god was a god for something like whine, the crops or the sky. The Ancient roman gods and the ancient Greek gods are exactly the same the only difference is that they have different names. Such as Poseidon who is the Greek god of the ocean and water. And Neptune who Is the ancient Roman god of the sea. In ancient Rome you were allowed to follow any religion that you wanted most of the time. But under the rule of some mad and different Emperors such as Nero the Romans killed Christians and pagans. But mostly the Romans could follow any religion that they wanted to. But most Roman citizens prefer the ancient roman gods like Juno, Neptune, Mars, Saturn, Pluto and Apollo. The Ancient Romans used to dedicate Temples to their gods. And each god had a feast day which was a massive once a year celebration about the god. The Ancient Roman army also used to make sacrifices to their gods, the ancient roman army used to make sacrifices to mars the god of war, so that they win the battle.
The similarities are that the Ancient Romans and modern day humans Worship Gods and God. And many other different religions just as the ancient Romans did. The ancient Romans also built temples just like we build churches.
Education – Maddie Jones
Ancient Rome had two different types of schools, like we do today. The first school was for children up until the age of 11 or 12. Today this school is like primary school. These schools taught the children basic skills like reading, writing and simple mathematics. Mathematics was done by using an abacus. As they didn't have paper books in the ancient times, the Roman's used waxed tablets and were written on with a stylus instead.
When the children reached time to go to the more advanced school; like Secondary School for us. The students learnt more subjects like public speaking or study intellects of Ancient Rome like Cicero.
The main difference between Ancient Roman civilisation and our civilisation today is that girls were unlikely to attend these advanced schools. This is because girls were allowed to get married at the age of 12. Boys could get married at the age of 14.
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/roman_education.htm
Law – Emma Ferguson
The ancient Romans were very strict on rules and had a strong belief of entrusting the law. Most people of today's society still believe this. The Romans had different magistracies that are known as magistrates. Some of the magistracies of the ancient roman times were Quaestor which was a financial officer, the minimal age was 31. Another job the Romans had was an Aedile which is the equivalent of a city manager. This job includes overseeing food supplies, streets, public buildings and festivities. The praetor acted as a judge in legal arguments, as we do now. The minimal age for this job was 40 years. This is only one example of how we have learnt from the ancient Roman civilisation.
http://library.thinkquest.org/26602/empire.htm
Architecture, Water – Brooke Searle
Ancient Rome has influenced today's day and age with their style of architecture. For example the White House uses ancient Rome's style columns, arches and carvings.
Also today's names of the week originate from Ancient Rome as well as a few names of planets.
In the construction side Rome invented a very important building tool used regularly in modern day society known as concrete. In Ancient Rome in every city they had a city square just like today. Water was transported in a similar ways to Rome because they used aquaducts and we use pipes our idea is just a more developed version of theirs. Laws were enforced in ancient Rome just as today and punishment were also enforced when people broke the rules.
Government & Education – Jemma Strbac Low
Government:
Ancient Rome was a republic and seeming that they didn’t want to have one person make all the laws, instead they had three branches. There was the executive branch, legislative branch and the judicial branch. Australia isn’t a republic but it does have a federal government, state government and local councils.
Education:
Ancient Rome has some of the same similarities has our modern society. Back then education was very important to the Ancient Romans. Today's education is just as important and as necessary because education is something that we all need and use for the rest of our lives.
There were two types of schools back then in Ancient Rome. There was school for children that were younger of the ages up to 11 and 12. Then there was school for the older children would go to more advanced school. In society now we have two types of schools as well Primary school and Secondary school.
Emperor Augustus made the roman military the strongest of all its points. Russia now has a very strong military power. The Roman empire ruled for almost 1500 years. During the civil war the Roman empire began. The Emperors were picked by the emperor and when he died the new emperor reigns. It is a bit like today when the people get to vote to pick who is going to be Prime Minister. Here are the ranks for the Roman Military and the names for them:
Recruit: Tiro
Lower Ranks: Miles (Private) Discens (Trainee) Immunise (Immune from fatigue)
Non Commission Sesquiplicarius (NCO on basic pay and a half) Junior NCO. Duplicarius (NCO on double basic pay). Senior NCO, Triplicarius (NCO on triple basic pay). Salararius or salaratus.
Duplicarii and Sesquiplicarii
Subaltern Officers
Centurio: Commander of 100. Centurio had special activities he can do legionary cavalry, military intelligence and more.
Cohorts
Legio: Consists of 10 cohorts. There are 10 different types of cohorts
Ancient Rome
Family
Families in Ancient Rome were dictated by the eldest male member of the family. The male had complete authority over the others. If they disobeyed him they were allowed to punish them like selling them into slavery or kicking them out. Once you were kicked out you could try to get back into the household or stay with a friend. You’d be very lucky if you got either one of them. The woman of the family would use their time taking care of the children, cooking and going out to be groomed. They children of the household had no rights and were taught from a young age to obey their elders. If you disagreed and argued you could be kicked out. The people of Rome respected there older citizens greatly. Once they were too old to do activities and work the rest of the household members would make them comfortable and happy before they would be honoured in the Parentalia festival of the dead. Household slaves, if they were lucky, were treated very well but mostly they were abused and starved. They would clean the master’s house, cook for them, contained there garden, sewed up clothes, kept money accounts and kept incense burning through the house.
Similarities of ancient Rome to today
Hundreds of years on the basic idea of slaves is still with us. We hire them for money but different types of maids do different things like they clean the house, can cook for us, can contain gardens, and can sew clothes and look after the children. The differences is that you cannot abuse them now, they are paid, some only work part time and most do not have their own quarters and don’t live with you.
There is also the idea of stay-at-home wives/husbands. Were one of the spouses stays at home while the other one goes out and works, provides for the family.
Ancient Roman education . . . .
They never use to have schools in Rome. They adults in the community would pass on knowledge to the children in the community until the Greeks created schooling. The Romans were inspired to do the same.
Ancient Rome:
Children in ancient Rome would probably get most of their education from their parents. Their parent s would teach them the basics for survival in the early republic.
The first schools in Rome arose by the middle of the fourth century BC. These schools were called ludi, the name coming from the Latin word for "play," and like modern play schools were concerned with the basic socialization and living skills of young Roman children.
Modern day Australian education:
All children are expected to go to school. The majority of our learning comes from our teachers, although we also learn from our selves, family and friends, just like they did in Ancient Rome.
At school we are taught social skills, discipline, maths, English and the arts. In ancient they were taught these same things. If we want to be able to help the community we have to do well in school. The same thing happened in Ancient Rome.
The Roman Government
The Romans were a very powerful civilisation who influenced a lot of ideas we have today. The Romans had a Republic government which has two consults who agreed on different things like how much taxes to collect and if they wanted to start a war. Our government isn’t a republic but it has similarities like only one consult that raises/lowers taxes and decides whether to send the army to war or not. The
The Roman Military
Roman Military was very powerful and disciplined. Like today a soldier could be discharged for a number of reasons. One, if he was badly disciplined. Two, if he had poor health and three, if he satisfactorily completed his service.
Roman Education
Education was fairly similar but had key differences like: girls didn’t go to school instead they stayed home and their mothers taught them how to run the house. Both rich and poor boys went to school. Once they completed school rich boys went to secondary school but poor boys couldn’t. After that rich boys could go to another school called an or at or school. Rich boys could the apply for Politics